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How Duolingo Builds Products 10x Faster with AI

Building
July 7, 2025
Cem Kansu on Duolingo's AI, small teams, retention, and paywalls.
Topics discussed in the episode:
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How is AI changing the role of product managers?
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What are the key metrics for product success?
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Why is attention to detail vital in product design?
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What product decisions do you regret not making sooner?
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What features most improve user retention?
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When should you introduce a paywall to users?
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Is freemium better than premium for consumer apps?
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Why did Duolingo wait to monetize?
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Will companies need more or fewer engineers in the future?
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How is AI changing product development teams?

How is AI changing the role of product managers?

Jem highlights how AI tools are redefining the product manager's role and increasing independence.

"These tools level up everybody to have much... way more productive and independent for themselves."

  • AI tools empower product managers to create prototypes independently.
  • Roles are evolving as PMs can perform tasks across disciplines.
  • Staying current with AI advances is essential for product leaders.

What are the key metrics for product success?

Jem shares that daily retention is the most critical metric for consumer products.

"Daily retention is the king of all metrics for consumer products."

  • Focus on retention to understand if users find value in your product.
  • High retention rates indicate a successful, habit-forming product.
  • Monitoring retention helps guide product improvements.

Why is attention to detail vital in product design?

Jem emphasizes the importance of pixel-perfect attention to detail in consumer products.

"Consumer products live and die in the pixels. Like I think you'll see that in the product, right?"

  • High-quality design impacts user perception and engagement.
  • Attention to detail can differentiate your product in the market.
  • Investing in design excellence leads to better user experiences.

What product decisions do you regret not making sooner?

Jem reflects on product decisions they delayed at Duolingo that he wishes they had pursued earlier.

"We waited too long to apply the Duolingo magic to new subjects... We didn't have to wait that long."

  • Expanding into new product areas sooner can unlock growth.
  • Don't delay pursuing innovations where you have core competencies.
  • Being proactive can prevent missed opportunities.

What features most improve user retention?

Jem identifies key features that significantly increased user retention on Duolingo.

"Three things. One of them is the streak... Second... was leaderboards... Third is push notifications."

  • Implement features that encourage daily habits, like streaks.
  • Use leaderboards to foster competition and engagement.
  • Utilize personalized push notifications to re-engage users.

When should you introduce a paywall to users?

Jem shares insights on the best timing and approach for introducing paywalls in an app.

"The best way to honestly like convince someone to buy something, meaning... have them go into the experience, have a call themselves, and then at the end say this is part of Duolingo Max."

  • Allow users to experience premium features before presenting the paywall.
  • Contextual and timely introduction of paywalls enhances conversion.
  • Building trust and value first leads to better monetization.

Is freemium better than premium for consumer apps?

Jem discusses the advantages of a freemium model over a premium one for building consumer app businesses.

"To build basically a large user base and if you want to build a large business, it's way more defensible to build a great free user experience and do it freemium rather than full premium."

  • Freemium models encourage organic growth and user acquisition.
  • Offering value for free builds trust and expands the user base.
  • Freemium provides defensibility against competitors.

Why did Duolingo wait to monetize?

Jem reflects on the reasons behind Duolingo's delay in introducing monetization strategies.

"There was a lot of resistance in the company for monetization... We launched with the view that if you did these things, you would screw up your amazing great consumer product."

  • Early commitment to mission over revenue can delay monetization.
  • Fear of harming user experience can hinder revenue opportunities.
  • Testing monetization strategies carefully can balance mission and growth.

Will companies need more or fewer engineers in the future?

Jem explains how AI may affect the number of engineers companies need, and how their roles will evolve.

"I think we'll end up with these undefined builders that can use AI really well, and I think companies will employ a large number of those."

  • AI will create hybrid roles that blend engineering, design, and product management.
  • Companies may have more engineers, but they will work differently.
  • Adapting to AI tools is crucial for staying competitive.

How is AI changing product development teams?

AI is transforming how product development teams operate, converging traditional roles and requiring new skill sets.

"I think what is likely to happen is, there is clear work definitions of what an engineer does today, what a product manager does, and what a designer does. I think these are going to converge way more."

  • AI tools are breaking down barriers between roles, leading to more hybrid teams.
  • Product professionals need to learn AI tools to enhance productivity.
  • Embracing AI can lead to faster product development and innovation.